Iranian folklore

 ( Culture Of Iran ) 

The following are a number of folktales known to the people of Iran:

• ("Rolling Pumpkin")
  Margaret Read McDonald (1994). 9780824208622, H.W. Wilson. . ISBN 9780824208622
• (fa) ("Moon-brow")
  J. Zipes (2025). 9781137098733, Springer. . ISBN 9781137098733
• ("Bitter Orange and Bergamot Orange")
• ("Old Woman's Cold"), a period in the month of Esfand, at the end of winter, during which an old woman's flock is not impregnated. She goes to Moses and asks for an extension of the cold winter days, so that her flock might copulate.
• ("Shangul and Mangul")
• ("Auntie Cockroach")
• The Wonderful Sea-Horse
• The Black Colt
• The Horse of the Cloud and the Wind

Below are a number of historical tale books that contain Iranian folktales.

• Amir Arsalan ("Amir Arsalan the Famous"), a popular legend that was narrated to Naser-ed-Din Shah.
• Darab Nama ("Book of Darab"), a 12th-century book by Abu Taher Tarsusi that recounts a fiction about Alexander the Great and Darius III.
  Marjolijn van Zutphen (2025). 9789004268289, BRILL. . ISBN 9789004268289
• , also known as "The Persian Alexander Romances", an Iranianized version of The Romance of Alexander. Not to be confused with the classic book of Nizami Ganjavi.
• One Thousand and One Nights, the frame-story of which derives from the now lost Middle Persian work ("Thousand Nights").
• Samak-e Ayyar, a folktale about an Iranian that was written down during the 12th century. , at times synonymous with ("young man"), referred to a member of a class of warriors in Iran from the 9th to the 12th century.
• Shahnameh ("Book of Kings"), the national epic of Iran, written by 10th-century Persian poet Ferdowsi, based on , a Middle Persian compilation of the history of Iranian kings and heroes from mythical times down to the reign of Khosrow II.
• , a derivation from the Greek romance of Metiochus and Parthenope that was written down by Persian poet Unsuri in the 11th century.
  (2025). 9789004132603, Brill Publishers. . ISBN 9789004132603

• Arash (), who shot his arrow from the peak of Mount Damavand to settle a land dispute between Iran and Turan. The festival of Tirgan is linked to this epic, besides having roots in the ancient myth of archangel Tishtrya.
• Garshasp (), a dragon-slaying hero in Iranian legends, now honored as ("chief hero").
• Gordafarid (), praised for her daringly martial role in the tragedy of ("Rostam and Sohrab").
• Kaveh the Blacksmith
• Rostam, a celebrated marzban ("border-guardian"), best known for his mournful battle with his son Sohrab. He was the son of Dastan.
• Zahhak

• Hossein the Kurd of Shabestar (), a Kurds warrior from Shabestar who devoted his life to fighting for justice, representing a ("young man").
• Koroghlu, a legendary hero who seeks to fight against the unjust, in the oral traditions of the Turkic-speaking peoples.
• Pourya-ye Vali, a 14th-century champion from Khwarezm, regarded as a role model by zurkhane athletes.
• Yaʿqub-e Leys, under the court of whom the Persian language reemerged after two centuries of eclipse by Arabic ("Two Centuries of Silence").

• Nasreddin
• Dakho

• : a scrawny old woman with a clay nose and red face who attacks pregnant women when they are alone and interferes with childbirth. It is believed that she carries a basket in which she puts the liver or lung of the mother, although a variety of other descriptions exist as well.
• Night hag (): a ghost or an evil creature that causes sleep paralysis. It is believed that the creature knows about hidden treasures, and one would be told of one of them by grabbing the creature's nose. One can rescue oneself from the creature by wiggling one’s fingers.
• Himantopodes (): an evil creature that uses its flexible, leather-like legs as tentacles to grip and capture human beings. The captives will be enslaved and forced to carry the creature until they die of fatigue.
• Huma bird: a Griffin-like mythical bird said to never come to rest, living its entire life flying invisibly high above the earth, and never alighting on the ground (in some legends it is said to have no legs).
• Demon (; from Avestan daeva): an evil being, devil, ogre, or giant.
• Ghoul (): a hideous monster with a feline head, forked tongue, hairy skin, and deformed legs that resemble the limp and skinny legs of a prematurely born infant.
• Jinn (): a supernatural creature, comparable to the elf and the , that is believed to have been created from smokeless fire and to exist invisibly alongside the visible world.
• Manticore (: from Middle Persian ), a man-eater with the head of a human and the body of a lion, similar to the Egyptian sphinx.
• Amen Bird (): a mythical bird in Persian literature that flies continuously and fulfills people's wishes.
  (2025). 9789004138094, Brill Publishers. . ISBN 9789004138094
  Karimi-Hakkak, Ahmad (1995). 9780874804928, The University of Utah Press. . ISBN 9780874804928
• Peri: a type of exquisite, winged fairy-like spirit ranking between angels and evil spirits.
• Reera, Rayra or Raira: was a beautiful supernatural female who was believed to have brought beauty to the Northern jungles of Iran.
• The Patient Stone (): the most empathetic of listeners, which is believed to absorb the sorrows and pains of the person who confides in it. It is said that when the stone can no longer contain the pain it harbors, it bursts into pieces. It is also a very famous folktale.
• Shahmaran ("Chief of the Snakes"): the intelligent queen of snakes who has human features above her waist and those of a serpent below.
• Shahrokh
• Simurgh (from Middle Persian , Avestan ; "raptor"): a benevolent mythical bird.
• Takam: the king of goats, in the folklore of the Turkic-speaking people of Azerbaijan. Traditionally, the stories of takam are recited in public theaters by a minstrel called takamchi.
• : an evil spirit in the folklore of Iran's southern coastal regions who possesses individuals and harms them.

• Mount Damavand
• Mount Qaf
• Paristan

• Evil eye (;
  (2025). 9781317391531, Taylor & Francis. . ISBN 9781317391531
  ), a curse believed to be cast by a malevolent glare. To protect one from it, a pendant, gemstone or likewise that depicts an eye is used as an amulet. Another way believed to protect one from an evil eye is to release a fragrant smoke of peganum harmala ( peganum harmala) and waft it around the head of those exposed to the gaze of strangers. As this is done, an ancient prayer is also recited.
• Divination (, , ), including interpretation of objects which appear haphazardly, interpretation of involuntary bodily actions (sneezing, twitching, itches, etc.), observing animal behavior, playing cards or chick-peas, bibliomancy (e.g., using the poetry of Hafez), mirrors and lenses, observation of the liver of a slain animal, the flame of a lamp, etc.
• ("coquetry and supplication"), a tradition between a lover and a beloved based on which the beloved hurts their lover by coquetry and the lover's response is supplication and insistence in love.
• Taarof, a sort of etiquette, defined as "the active, ritualized realization of differential status in interaction".
• In Persian wedding, it is customary to buy a silver mirror and two candles and place it on the wedding sofra ( a piece of cloth), next to foods and other traditional items. The first thing that the bridegroom sees in the mirror should be the reflection of his wife-to-be.

• Nowruz ("new day"), the Iranian New Year's day, celebrated on the March equinox.
• Traditional heralds: Amu Nowruz and Hajji Firuz
• ("Red Wednesday"), celebrated on the eve of the last Wednesday before Nowruz by performing rituals such as jumping over and lighting off and fireworks.
• Problem-solving nuts ()
  (2025). 9788183291910, Shree Publishers & Distributors. . ISBN 9788183291910
• , an act of fortune-telling on the occasion of .
• Sizdah Be-dar, celebrated 13 days after Nowruz (Farvardin 13, usually coincided with April 1 or 2) by .
• ("prince of Nowruz") or ("king of Nowruz"), a festival that used to be held six days after Nowruz for a period of one to five days, during which a temporary commoner was elected to rule over the country.
• , marking "the longest night of the year" and commemorating the birth of the ancient goddess Mithra on the eve of the winter solstice (; usually falling on December 20 or 21).
  Roessing, Lesley (2025). 9781610488129, R&L Education. . ISBN 9781610488129
  Foltz, Richard (2013). 9781780743073, Oneworld Publications. . ISBN 9781780743073

• Alak Dolak ("peg and bat"), identical to tip-cat.
• ("uncle chain-maker")
• , a counting-out game, used as a children's nursery rhyme.
  (1991). 9780934211222, Mage Publishers. . ISBN 9780934211222
• ("sunshine-moonlight")
• As-Nas, a card game that is identical to poker.
• Tag (, )
• Ganjifa, a trick-taking card game.
• Court piece (), a trick-taking card game that is identical to whist.
• Hopscotch ()
• Backgammon (), a two-player board game.
• , a fishing card game.
• Knucklebones ()
• Hide-and-seek ()
• Shelem, a trick-taking card game that is identical to rook.

Brooklyn Museum - As or Ace Playing Card for the Game of Nas.jpg|As-Nas cards. Brooklyn Museum, New York City. گنجفه.jpg|Ganjifa cards. Moghadam Museum, Tehran. Backgammon test.JPG|Backgammon () dice and beads

• Iranian folk music
• Persian dance
• Persian theatre

Iranian folktales:

• The Black Colt
• Grünkappe
• Leaves of Pearls
• Molla Badji
• The Horse of the Cloud and the Wind
• The Snake-Prince Sleepy-Head
• The Wonderful Sea-Horse
• Yasmin and the Serpent Prince

• Elton L. Daniel (2025). 9780313320538, Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313320538
• (1978). 9780674733091 ISBN 9780674733091
• Erika Friedl (2025). 9781780766690, I. B. Tauris. ISBN 9781780766690
• . Typologie des persischen Volksmärchens. Beirut: Orient-Inst. der Deutschen Morgenländischen Ges.; Wiesbaden: Steiner in, 1984.
• Ulrich Marzolph (2025). 9780857456519, Berghahn Books. ISBN 9780857456519
• Marzolph, Ulrich. " Persian Popular Literature". In: Oral Literature of Iranian Languages. Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Ossetic, Persian & Tajik. Ed. P. G. Kreyenbroek and U. Marzolph. London: I. B. Tauris, 2010. pp. 208–364. (A History of Persian Literature. ed. E. Yarshater. vol. 18. Companion vol. 2).

• Iran: Daily life and social customs. From the Encyclopædia Britannica.
• Folklore studies of Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. From the Encyclopædia Iranica.
• Folk poetry. From the Encyclopædia Iranica.
• The passion (taʿzia) of Ḥosayn by Peter Chelkowski. From the Encyclopædia Iranica.
• Lee Lee Hozak, on Iranian folkloric songs among Iranian Americans, from Homa Sarshar's In The Back Alleys of Exile (vol. 2; p. 304).